Angle integrated photoelectron spectroscopy beamline is designed to utilize photons in the energy range from 10 to 200 eV. The beamline operates at a vacuum better than of 10–9 Torr. The basic requirements for carrying out photoemission experiments are good photon flux and moderate resolution. Since toroidal grating monochromators (TGM) fulfil these two requirements, the present beamline is developed around it. The optical layout of the beamline is shown in Figure. Optical components of the beamline consist of a pre-mirror to focus the incident radiation, a monochromator to select the desired wavelength (energy) and a post-mirror to focus the monochromatic beam on the sample. In order to have good reflectivity in this energy range, a grazing incidence-reflecting optics is used. A toroidal pre-mirror which is kept at a distance 4000 mm from the source accepts radiation over horizontal and vertical acceptance angles of 10 and 2.5 mrad respectively. The grazing angle of incidence at the mirror is about 4.5°, giving a deviation of 9° after reflection. The reflected beam is brought to a focus at a distance of 2000 mm where the entrance slit of TGM is located. The pre-mirror section is followed by a TGM (Jobin Yvon-TGM2634) which contains three interchangeable gratings to cover a photon energy range from 10 to 200 eV. Monochromatized beam passing an exit slit falls on post-focusing toroidal mirror. Pt-coated post mirror refocuses the monochromatic beam from exit slit to a sample located at 990 mm in a PES spectrometer with magnification 1 : 1
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| Source |
Bending magnet |
| Acceptance |
10 mrad (H) x 2.5 mrad (V) |
| Pre Mirror |
Pt-coated toroidal mirror demagnification 2 : 1 |
| Monochromator |
Toroidal grating monochromator (TGM-2600) |
| Energy range |
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| Gratings (lines/mm) |
Energy range (eV) |
Resolving power (E/dE) |
| 200 |
10-23 |
650 at He(I) line |
| 600 |
23-69 |
950 at He(II) line |
| 1800 |
69-200 |
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| Post Mirror |
Pt-coated toroidal mirror |
| Spot size |
Typically 1 mm (H) x 1 mm (V) |
| Experimental station |
UHV compatible angle integrated photoelectron spectrometer |
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